
CONJUNCTIONS
There are two types of conjunctions,
coordinating and subordinating.
A. Coordinating Conjunctions
- Coordinating conjunctions coordinate clauses of the same type
(two or more main clauses or two or more dependent clauses).
- There is no special word-order rule; the
basic rules apply.
- denn, aber, sondern are normally preceded by a comma.
The most common coordinating conjunctions are:
Beispiele
- Wir kommen nicht heute, sondern morgen.
- Machst du das oder machst du das nicht?
- Er hat mir gesagt, daß er Savannah besucht
hat und dort zu River Street gegangen ist.
This example shows the coordination of subordinate (dependent)
clauses: und coordinates the two dependent clauses;
the auxiliary verbs (hat, ist) are at the end of
the respective clause. Both clauses are dependent on the main
clause; daß applies to both.
B. Subordinating Conjunctions
- Subordinating conjunctions introduce a
subordinate (dependent) clause.
- A dependent clause is one that requires an independent (main)
clause to be fully understood.
- The conjugated verb is at the end of the dependent clause.
- A comma separates main and dependent clauses.
- The dependent clause may be the first clause in a structure.
(Word order rules are here).
The most common subordinating conjunctions are:
daß
wenn
weil
sobald
bis
bevor
nachdem
als
da
seit/seitdem
damit
ob
obwohl
so daß
solange
während
|
that
when
because
as soon as
until
before
after
when
because, since [conditional]
since [temporal]
so that
whether, if
although
so that, as a result
as long as
while, during
|
Beispiele
- Ich warte, bis du zu mir kommst.
- Sobald du hier bist, essen wir.
- Rudi sprach, während der Professor etwas erklärte.
- Andrea ist gekommen, obwohl sie krank war.
Notes
- All question words (wer, wie, wo, was,
wann, warum, etc., including
wo-compounds) can function like
subordinating conjunctions, introducing indirect questions.
- Direct question: Wer ist das dort?
- ==> Indirect question: Weißt du, wer das dort ist?
- Sometimes, daß can be omitted. In this case, the
finite verb does not move to the end.
- Ich weiß, daß du das gemacht hast.
- Ich weiß, du hast es gemacht.
- In a dependent clause, the conjugated (finite) verb is at the
end EXCEPT for one circumstance: when modal verbs are present in a
"perfect" tense. You will not see this very often, but you
should be able to identify this as correct construction.
- Peter wußte, daß er zur Klasse hat
kommen sollen.
(Peter knew that you should have come to class [...was supposed
to come to class]).
- Sometimes, comparisons using als or wie are
placed after the finite verb.
- Sie dachte, daß sie nicht so schön ist
wie ihre Schwester.
OR: Sie dachte, daß sie nicht so schön
wie ihre Schwester ist.
(She thought [that] she was not as attractive as her sister.)
- Aber sie wußte, daß sie intelligenter
ist als sie.
OR: Aber sie wußte, daß sie intelligenter
als sie ist.
(But she knew [that] she was smarter than her).
ÜBUNGEN
If you cannot enter special characters directly:
* Cut & Paste the appropriate character from here: ß -
Ä - ä - Ö - ö - Ü - ü
* Or, for the "ß" use the capital letter "B" (or an "sz"),
for umlauts use these transcriptions: ä = ae; Ä = AE;
ü = ue etc. |
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