
GENDER & PLURAL OF NOUNS (Basics)
GENDER OF NOUNS
The following are mostly guidelines and not strict rules (there
may be exceptions). Knowing these guidelines takes a lot of the
guesswork out of trying to determine noun genders and should be
helpful.
der
- (male) professions that end with "-er" (der Bäcker,
der Lehrer, der Interviewer)
- words ending in -mus (der Kapitalismus)
- seasons and months (der Winter, der Sommer, der Herbst, der Frühling
[but "das" Frühjahr!]; der Januar)
die
Words ending in...
- "-in" (die Freundin, die Schülerin)
- "-ung" (die Beschreibung, die Prüfung, die Leistung)
- "-heit" and "-keit" (die Schönheit, die Heiterkeit)
- "-e" [about 90% of the time] (die Tinte, die Kreide, die Liste)
- "-a" [about 90% of the time] (die Pizza)
das
Words ending in...
- "-chen" (das Mädchen)
- "-lein" (das Fräulein)
- "-um" (das Museum)
- "-o" [about 90% of the time] (das Kino, das Auto)
- many words that sound like English [about 90% of the time]
(das Theater, das Interview)
- verbs made into nouns ["verbal nouns"; gerund] (das Schreiben,
das Schwimmen, das Fernsehen)
Other (Notable Exceptions)
- Family members are always what the name implies. All males are
"der," all females are "die." (Watch the spelling. Just because
"Schwester" ends in "er," it is not masculine...)
- There are several "der" words that end with "e", for
example: der Verwandte, der Beamte, der Reisende
- Compound nouns take their gender from the gender of the last
noun. (das Haus, die Frau ==> die Hausfrau)
PLURAL OF NOUNS
Words ending in...
- -lein, -chen, -el, -en,
-er, or professions that are masculine have no
additional ending (die Lehrer); a/o/u often add
umlauts (die Kätzchen)
- -ung add -en (Rechnungen).
- all feminine nouns ending in -heit,
-keit, -ion, -schaft, -tät add
en (Nation - Nationen)
- -e usually add an n (Sache - Sachen).
- -o, -a, or -i (many--typically
short--words from other languages) add an s (Fotos,
Autos, Pizzas, Omis)
- -in always adds an ADDITIONAL -nen
(Freundinnen)
- -s/nis adds an -se (Erlebnisse)
And you thought German plurals make no
sense...
Die 10 häufigsten Wörter des Deutschen
(Gesellschaft für Deutsche Sprache, "PV-Kalender" 1994)
|
1. der 2. die 3. in 4. den 5. und
6. das 7. von 8. mit 9. des 10. nicht
|
11. auf 12. sich 13. ist 14. im 15. dem
16. sie 17. ein 18. es 19. er 20. eine
|
Erstes quasi-Substantiv
auf der Liste:
"DM" (#69 [!])
Die ersten echten Substantive:
"Welt" (#89) und "Zeit" (#90)
|
ÜBUNGEN
If you cannot enter special characters directly:
* Cut & Paste the appropriate character from here: ß -
Ä - ä - Ö - ö - Ü - ü
* Or, for the "ß" use the capital letter "B" (or an "sz"),
for umlauts use these transcriptions: ä = ae; Ä = AE;
ü = ue etc. |
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