
This is an overview of the German case system. Read this as an introduction, or use it after reviewing the cases by themselves (for more details, go to there).
German has four cases:
I. ARTICLES
Articles (and pronouns) change their forms according to the appropriate case they identify. The chart below gives an overview of the two types of articles and their forms:
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Beispiele
| PERSONS: | |
| - WER (subject/Nominativ; who) | Wer ist das? - Das ist Rudi. |
| - WEN (direct object/Akkusativ; who) | Wen sehen Sie auf dem Bild? - Meinen Onkel. |
| - WEM (indirect object/Dativ; whom) | Wem geben Sie die Blumen? - Meiner Großmutter. |
| - WESSEN (possessive/Genitiv; whose) | Wessen Buch ist das? - Das ist Peters Buch. |
| (Note the similarity with the masculine definite article forms: wer/der, wen/den, wem/dem, wessen/des). | |
OBJECTS:
WAS ((Nominativ & Akkusativ; what)
II. PERSONAL PRONOUNS
| PERSONAL PRONOUNS | ||||
| CASE ==> | NOMINATIVE | ACCUSATIVE | DATIVE | GENITIVE |
| SINGULAR | ich du - er - sie - es |
mich dich - ihn - sie - es |
mir dir - ihm - ihr - ihm |
There are no personal pronouns for the genitive case; their place is taken by possessive articles |
| PLURAL | wir ihr sie/Sie |
uns euch sie/Sie |
uns euch ihnen/Ihnen |
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Here is a cut-out and expansion for 3rd person SG (and plural, for comparison):
| GENDER | DEFINITE ARTICLE | NOMINATIVE | ACCUSATIVE | DATIVE |
| MASCULINE | der (Mann) ==> | er | ihn | ihm |
| FEMININE | die (Frau) ==> | sie | sie | ihr |
| NEUTER | das (Kind) ==> | es | es | ihm |
| PLURAL | die (Leute) ==> | sie | sie | ihnen |
Beispiele
III. PREPOSITIONS
These are the most important prepositions only (here is a complete list of prepositions), with basic English translations (for AC/DC details go to that page). They introduce prepositional phrases in the given case.
| NOMINATIVE | ACCUSATIV | DATIVE | GENITIVE | AC/DC |
| None! | durch (through) für (for) gegen (against) ohne (without) um (around) |
aus (out of) außer (except for) bei (at) mit (with) nach (to) seit (since) von (from) zu (to) |
(an)statt (instead) trotz (despite) während (during) wegen (because of) |
an auf in vor hinter neben zwischen über unter |
There are also postpositions; they are described here.
Beispiele
Certain preposition/article combinations are contracted. The contraction is the preferred form:
um das = ums, bei dem = beim, von dem = vom, zu der = zur, zu dem = zum, an dem = am, an das = ans, in dem = im, in das = ins, auf das = aufs
The following contractions are uncommon:
über das = übers, über den = übern, über dem = überm
IV. VERBS
There are certain verbs that require certain cases. Here are some.
| Nominative | sein, werden, heißen |
| Accusative | haben, sehen, nehmen (and many others, more or less) |
| Dative | antworten (to answer), begegnen (to meet, encounter), danken (to thank), erklären (to explain), erlauben (to allow), erzählen (to tell), fehlen (to miss), folgen (to follow), geben (to give), gefallen (to please, be pleasing), gehören (to belong to), glauben (to believe), gratulieren (to congratulate), helfen (to help), leid tun (to be sorry, feel sorry for), leihen (to loan/borrow), passen (to fit), passieren (to happen), raten (to advise), sagen (to say, state), schaden (to be harmful to), schenken (to give to [as a present]), schmecken (to taste to, to like [food]), stehen (to suit), weh tun (to hurt), zuhören (to listen to) |
| Genitive | . |
Beispiele
V. WORD ORDER OF OBJECTS
I.O. (indirect) - D.O. (direct)
BASIC RULE:
AKKUSATIV Pronomen vor DATIV (Pronomen oder Nomen) [Accusative
pronouns precede dative case]
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If you cannot enter special characters directly: * Cut & Paste the appropriate character from here: ß - Ä - ä - Ö - ö - Ü - ü * Or, for the "ß" use the capital letter "B" (or an "sz"), for umlauts use these transcriptions: ä = ae; Ä = AE; ü = ue etc. |
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